19.6. Minimal Cost Spanning Trees¶
19.6.1. Minimal Cost Spanning Trees¶
The minimal-cost spanning tree (MCST) problem takes as input a connected, undirected graph \(\mathbf{G}\), where each edge has a distance or weight measure attached. The MCST is the graph containing the vertices of \(\mathbf{G}\) along with the subset of \(\mathbf{G}\) ‘s edges that (1) has minimum total cost as measured by summing the values for all of the edges in the subset, and (2) keeps the vertices connected. Applications where a solution to this problem is useful include soldering the shortest set of wires needed to connect a set of terminals on a circuit board, and connecting a set of cities by telephone lines in such a way as to require the least amount of cable.
The MCST contains no cycles. If a proposed MCST did have a cycle, a cheaper MCST could be had by removing any one of the edges in the cycle. Thus, the MCST is a free tree with \(|\mathbf{V}| - 1\) edges. The name “minimum-cost spanning tree” comes from the fact that the required set of edges forms a tree, it spans the vertices (i.e., it connects them together), and it has minimum cost. Figure 19.6.1 shows the MCST for an example graph.
Todo
- type: Slideshow
Replace the previous diagram with a slideshow illustrating the concept of MCST.
19.6.1.1. Prim’s Algorithm¶
The first of our two algorithms for finding MCSTs is commonly referred to as Prim’s algorithm. Prim’s algorithm is very simple. Start with any Vertex \(N\) in the graph, setting the MCST to be \(N\) initially. Pick the least-cost edge connected to \(N\). This edge connects \(N\) to another vertex; call this \(M\). Add Vertex \(M\) and Edge \((N, M)\) to the MCST. Next, pick the least-cost edge coming from either \(N\) or \(M\) to any other vertex in the graph. Add this edge and the new vertex it reaches to the MCST. This process continues, at each step expanding the MCST by selecting the least-cost edge from a vertex currently in the MCST to a vertex not currently in the MCST.
Prim’s algorithm is quite similar to Dijkstra’s algorithm for finding the single-source shortest paths. The primary difference is that we are seeking not the next closest vertex to the start vertex, but rather the next closest vertex to any vertex currently in the MCST. Thus we replace the lines:
if (D[w] > (D[v] + G.weight(v, w)))
D[w] = D[v] + G.weight(v, w);
in Djikstra’s algorithm with the lines:
if (D[w] > G.weight(v, w))
D[w] = G.weight(v, w);
in Prim’s algorithm.
The following code shows an implementation for Prim’s algorithm that searches the distance matrix for the next closest vertex.
// Compute shortest distances to the MCST, store them in D.
// V[i] will hold the index for the vertex that is i's parent in the MCST
void Prim(Graph G, int s, int[] D, int[] V) {
for (int i=0; i<G.nodeCount(); i++) { // Initialize
D[i] = INFINITY;
}
D[s] = 0;
for (int i=0; i<G.nodeCount(); i++) { // Process the vertices
int v = minVertex(G, D); // Find next-closest vertex
G.setValue(v, VISITED);
if (D[v] == INFINITY) { return; } // Unreachable
if (v != s) { AddEdgetoMST(V[v], v); }
int[] nList = G.neighbors(v);
for (int j=0; j<nList.length; j++) {
int w = nList[j];
if (D[w] > G.weight(v, w)) {
D[w] = G.weight(v, w);
V[w] = v;
}
}
}
}
For each vertex \(I\), when \(I\) is processed by Prim’s
algorithm, an edge going to \(I\) is added to the MCST that we are
building.
Array V[I]
stores the previously visited vertex that is
closest to Vertex I.
This information lets us know which edge goes into the MCST when
Vertex \(I\) is processed.
The implementation above also contains calls to
AddEdgetoMST
to indicate which edges are actually added to the
MCST.
19.6.1.2. Prim’s Algorithm Alternative Implementation¶
Alternatively, we can implement Prim’s algorithm using a
priority queue to find the next closest vertex, as
shown next.
As with the priority queue version of Dijkstra’s algorithm,
the heap stores DijkElem
objects.
// Prims MCST algorithm: priority queue version
void PrimPQ(Graph G, int s, int[] D, int[] V) {
int v; // The current vertex
KVPair[] E = new KVPair[G.edgeCount()]; // Heap for edges
E[0] = new KVPair(0, s); // Initial vertex
MinHeap H = new MinHeap(E, 1, G.edgeCount());
for (int i=0; i<G.nodeCount(); i++) { // Initialize distance
D[i] = INFINITY;
}
D[s] = 0;
for (int i=0; i<G.nodeCount(); i++) { // For each vertex
KVPair temp = H.removemin();
if (temp == null) { return; } // Unreachable nodes exist
v = (Integer)temp.value();
while (G.getValue(v) == VISITED) {
KVPair temp = H.removemin();
if (temp == null) { return; } // Unreachable nodes exist
v = (Integer)temp.value();
}
G.setValue(v, VISITED);
if (D[v] == INFINITY) { return; } // Unreachable
if (v != s) { AddEdgetoMST(V[v], v); } // Add edge to MST
int[] nList = G.neighbors(v);
for (int j=0; j<nList.length; j++) {
int w = nList[j];
if (D[w] > G.weight(v, w)) { // Update D
D[w] = G.weight(v, w);
V[w] = v; // Where it came from
H.insert(D[w], w);
}
}
}
}
Todo
- type: Slideshow
Implement a slideshow demonstrating the Priority Queue version of Prim’s algorithm
Prim’s algorithm is an example of a greedy
algorithm.
At each step in the for
loop, we select the least-cost edge that
connects some marked vertex to some unmarked vertex.
The algorithm does not otherwise check that the MCST really should
include this least-cost edge.
This leads to an important question:
Does Prim’s algorithm work correctly?
Clearly it generates a spanning tree (because each pass through the
for
loop adds one edge and one unmarked vertex to the spanning tree
until all vertices have been added), but does this tree have minimum
cost?
Theorem: Prim’s algorithm produces a minimum-cost spanning tree.
Proof: We will use a proof by contradiction. Let \(\mathbf{G} = (\mathbf{V}, \mathbf{E})\) be a graph for which Prim’s algorithm does not generate an MCST. Define an ordering on the vertices according to the order in which they were added by Prim’s algorithm to the MCST: \(v_0, v_1, ..., v_{n-1}\). Let edge \(e_i\) connect \((v_x, v_i)\) for some \(x < i\) and \(i \leq 1\). Let \(e_j\) be the lowest numbered (first) edge added by Prim’s algorithm such that the set of edges selected so far cannot be extended to form an MCST for \(\mathbf{G}\). In other words, \(e_j\) is the first edge where Prim’s algorithm “went wrong.” Let \(\mathbf{T}\) be the “true” MCST. Call \(v_p (p<j)\) the vertex connected by edge \(e_j\), that is, \(e_j = (v_p, v_j)\).
Because \(\mathbf{T}\) is a tree, there exists some path in \(\mathbf{T}\) connecting \(v_p\) and \(v_j\). There must be some edge \(e'\) in this path connecting vertices \(v_u\) and \(v_w\), with \(u < j\) and \(w \geq j\). Because \(e_j\) is not part of \(\mathbf{T}\), adding edge \(e_j\) to \(\mathbf{T}\) forms a cycle. Edge \(e'\) must be of lower cost than edge \(e_j\), because Prim’s algorithm did not generate an MCST. This situation is illustrated in Figure 19.6.2. However, Prim’s algorithm would have selected the least-cost edge available. It would have selected \(e'\), not \(e_j\). Thus, it is a contradiction that Prim’s algorithm would have selected the wrong edge, and thus, Prim’s algorithm must be correct. BOX HERE
Todo
- type: Exercise
Proficiency exercise for Prim’s algorithm.