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# 1.5. Grammars - Part 5 - Using Parser Generators to Interpret a Language¶

## 1.5.1. Annotating Jison Grammars¶

This is a very short module in which we give an overview of how to add annotations to a Jison grammar to produce an interpreter, rather than just a parser. By an interpreter we mean that, instead of merely returning a signal indicating whether or not the parsed expression is valid or not, we actually want to "evaluate" valid expressions in some way and return the result of doing that evaluation.

Consider the following Jison grammar, which is a scaled-down version of the demo at http://zaa.ch/jison/demos/calc, as made available by Jison developer Zach Carter:

/*
description: Parse and interpret simple arithmetic expressions
and evaluates them
source:      this grammar is adapted from:
http://zaach.github.io/jison/demos/calc/
*/

// lexical section of the grammar
// ==============================

%lex
%%
\s+                   /* no return statement, so skip whitespace */
[0-9]+("."[0-9]+)?    return "NUMBER"
"*"                   return "TIMES"
"/"                   return "DIV"
"-"                   return "MINUS"
"+"                   return "PLUS"
"("                   return "LPAREN"
")"                   return "RPAREN"
<<EOF>>               return "EOF"
.                     return "INVALID"

/lex

%start program

// phrase-structure section of the grammar
// =======================================

%%

program
: exp "EOF"
{ return $1; } ; exp : term { $$= 1; } | exp "PLUS" term {$$ =$1 + $3; } | exp "MINUS" term { $$= 1 - 3; } ; term : factor {$$ =$1; }
| term "TIMES" factor
{ $$= 1 * 3; } | term "DIV" factor {$$ = $1 /$3; }
;
factor
:  "NUMBER"
{ $$= Number( 1 ); } | "LPAREN" exp "RPAREN" {$$ = $2; } ;  This grammar produces a parser/interpreter that evaluates simple arithmetic expressions. To try it, merely cut-and-paste it into the online version of Jison at http://zaa.ch/jison/try. Let Jison produce the parser/interpreter for you, and then see what happens when you type in expressions like $6.4 - 3.2 * (42.6/13)$ and click Jison's Parse button. When you give this grammar to Jison, you get back an interpreter that is a simple calculator. What are new features of Jison that are introduced by the annotations in this grammar? First consider the lexical specification given by the line: [0-9]+("."[0-9]+)? return "NUMBER"  This specification is officially called a regular expression, but we are already familiar with the symbols it uses from our discussion of EBNF. Remember that $+$ in EBNF means one-or-more, $?$ means zero-or-one, and parentheses are used for grouping. Hence the above regular expression says that a number is "one or more digits followed optionally by a group consisting of a decimal point and one or more digits". Next consider the annotation in the following portion of the grammar: program : exp "EOF" { return$1; }
;
exp
: term
{ $$= 1; } | exp "PLUS" term {$$ = $1 +$3; }
| exp "MINUS" term
{ $$= 1 - 3; } ;  Here the notations 1 and 3 refer to what the parser/interpreter returns from evaluating the first and third non-terminals on the right of one of the exp productions. The$$ notation is what the parser/interpreter recursively returns to the previous level of the parse. So {  = $1 +$3; } indicates the interpreter should add what was returned from parsing an exp (the first non-terminal) and a term (the third non-terminal) and consequently return that sum to the prior level of recursion in the parse. At the top-level associated with the program non-terminal, the notation { return $1; } indicates that, when end-of-input is found, the parser/interpreter should return$1, that is, whatever it received from the parse of the exp on the right side of the program production.

The review problem set for this module consists of just one problem, which will help you understand how annotated Jison grammars can be used to generate interpreters.